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Pullman National Monument, also known as The Pullman District and Pullman Historic District, was the first model, planned industrial community in the United States. The district is significant for its historical origins in the Pullman Company, one of the most famous company towns in the United States, and scene of the violent 1894 Pullman strike. It was built for George Pullman in an area that was then beyond the City of Chicago, Illinois city limits as a place to produce the famous Pullman sleeping car.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=From factory town to national monument: A brief history of the Pullman Historic District )〕 Located in what is now the Pullman community area of Chicago, the district includes the Pullman factory and the Hotel Florence, named after George Pullman's daughter. Also within the district is the Pullman Railroad Porters National Museum named for the prominent leader A. Philip Randolph, which recognizes and explores African American labor history.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum )〕 Parts of the site, in recent decades have been owned by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency prior to gifting them to the federal government. 〔 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Town - Hotel Florence )〕 The area is east of Cottage Grove Avenue, from East 103rd St. to East 115th St.〔. 〕 It was named a Chicago Landmark district on October 16, 1972.〔 It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 8, 1969 and declared a National Historic Landmark on December 30, 1970. Preservationists had hoped to extend the district to include Schlitz Row, but the taverns located there have been demolished. The district was named a National Monument on February 19, 2015, making it a component of the National Park System.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Obama to make Chicago’s Pullman Park a national monument )〕 ==Background== George Pullman was born in New York and studied engineering. By the 1850s, Chicago was emerging as a major city, but faced sanitation issues. Pullman designed a method to raise buildings, which allowed better drainage. This innovation led Pullman to great financial success. With this new-found wealth, Pullman founded the Pullman Palace Car Company to manufacture sleeping cars in 1867. Through a focus on luxury and customer comfort, Pullman gained a large market share in the railroad car sector. The expensive cars were typically rented out to railroads with trained employees, many of whom were former house slaves recently freed by the Emancipation Proclamation. Pullman was an early advocate of employee welfare in a city that was a hotbed for labor unrest in the 1870s. When a new factory was required to meet demand, Pullman was presented with an opportunity to integrate employee betterment with manufacturing efficiency. As land values were skyrocketing in the city proper, Pullman purchased south of Chicago, between the Illinois Central Railroad line and Lake Calumet. He organized the Pullman Land Association to oversee non-manufacturing real estate and transferred all but to its control.〔 Solon Spencer Beman was commissioned with the design of the company town buildings, including 1,300 housing units. Nathaniel Franklin Barrett was tasked with the layout and landscape design. Former Chicago superintendent of sewage Benzette Williams developed the utilities and drainage system. The project began in early 1880 and the first factory buildings were nearly completed by fall. Housing was mainly built as red brick rowhouses and featured indoor plumbing. The spacious accommodations were a significant improvement over the tenements that workers were used to. Architecture predominately evoked the Queen Anne style with Romanesque details.〔 The town was designed with the hope that other companies would want to relocate there. However, only Pullman subsidiaries and suppliers ever shared the campus. Additional housing was built north of the factories after the Union Foundry and Allen Paper Car Company moved their operations there. Beman designed simpler, cheaper housing for these largely unskilled employees. Pullman employees, by contrast, were largely young and skilled. Rents were set to provide a 6% profit to the company over construction costs. By 1883, the population of the community reached 8,000. The community was diverse: by 1885, less than half of the employees were American-born, but African Americans were not allowed to live on the premises. Women were employed by the Pullman Company to sew.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pullman National Monument」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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